The Ethics Of Agricultural Biotechnology - 1518 Words

But, it is far from easy sailing for GM foods in light of the public concern for associated risks—risks to human and animal health; risks to biodiversity and the environment—and intermittent consumer outrage at not knowing if the breakfast of champions has had a genetic boost or not. GM foods are not labeled as such and the industry game of I ve Got a Secret has bred distrust among consumers and fuels an inherent skepticism about the safety of GM foods. Small-scale farmers could be negatively impacted by the market dominance of a few powerful seed companies. Some worry about the potential loss of traditional farming practices such as collecting, storing, and replanting seed. Although weighing risks and benefits is necessary, it is neither easy nor the sole concern in considering the ethics of agricultural biotechnology. Certainly, both human wellbeing and environmental safety are of primary concern; but our ethical obligations are not discharged solely by a guarantee of some degree of protection from harm, as important as that is. We also must be concerned with justice and the common good—raising concerns about human and environmental sustainability and the just distribution of nutritious food and acknowledging the need for thoughtful regulation that addresses necessary human and environmental protections while pursuing benefit. 4.3 Junk Food emergence The extraordinary growth of the fast food industry has been driven by fundamental changes in American society. InShow MoreRelatedSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology723 Words   |  3 PagesSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology Biotechnology is technology based on living organisms. It harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies or products which are immensely useful to mankind. Biotechnology modifies living organisms according to our needs. Humans have employed this tool in the fields of agriculture, food industry and medicine for more than 6000 years. We see numerous biotechnological applications in our every-day life. Preparation of food productsRead MoreAgriculture : A Global Environmental And Humanitarian Issue1489 Words   |  6 Pagesand technologies we see today. Without the ability to store and domesticate plants and animals it is unlikely that we would have been able to evolve beyond our hunting and gathering ancestors, advancing in both the arts and sciences. Modern agricultural though has developed into a global environmental and humanitarian issue. With the ever growing human population, our ability to sustain arable land is posing a threat to our global food security. Over the past century agriculture has transitionedRead MoreSoundness of Biotechnology Advancements in Agriculture Essay examples2016 Words   |  9 Pagesto favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products.1 The use of genetically modified organisms to improve the quality and production of agriculture is still an unanswered discussion topic. Biotechnology organizations are enthusiastically exploring in the research and development of new technologies that will improve food security and increase production of crops in both the developed and developing worlds. Dr. Miguel Altieri, who is a noticeableRead MoreWhat Does Biotechnology Entail?1393 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is biotechnology? Biotechnology is the use of cell ular and biomolecular processes in modern technology in order to reduce the use of chemicals and other harmful products. This not only can improve our own lives, but also make our planet a better place and our future a little less bleak. But what does biotechnology entail? And how long has it been around? As you will recall, we discussed the like of bread and cheese previously. Simply put, that is biotechnology†¦ at its oldest of around 6Read MoreCase Study 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests995 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests This case involves Monsanto, the world’s largest seed company. This is no ordinary seed company, it specializes in the genetic manipulation of organisms, known as biotechnology. Weeds, insects, and drought have been a huge issue for farmers. Herbicides and pesticides were creators to keep pests off of plants, however, applying them proved to be expensive and time consuming. Monsanto answered this problem by creating seeds that containedRead MoreThe Future Of Food Directed By Deborah Garcia1794 Words   |  8 Pages In the business of agricultural production, it seems that no company receives more hate and backlash than Monsanto. Anyone who dives into the inner and outer working of this massive corporation becomes aware of why this company is so controversial. For those perhaps unaware, Monsanto was founded in 1901 and ever since has been taking the agricultural world by storm. Monsanto was one of the very first corporations to successfully incorporate biotechnology into their business model. It is believedRead MoreBiotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods1698 Words   |  7 PagesBiotechnology refers to the technology employed to use, modify or change the natural processes of living organisms to develop products, systems or environments to be beneficial for humans. Biotechnology has been used by humans to produce staple foods since the beginning of civilisation. The domestication of plants and animals and the use of microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine are examples of early uses of biotechnology. Modern biotechnology involves understanding genes andRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Should Be Allowed For Preserve Their Property Rights By Patenting Such Organisms1322 Words   |  6 Pagescan very easily be c opied by competitors without a lot of reverse engineering. For such products, patent protection is often needed to provide assurances that great investments of time and effort ran be recouped down the line. For example, new biotechnology crop varieties can easily require more than a decade of effort and over $100 million in R+D costs before they are approved for commercial use.†(H SAUER. PATENTLY BIOTECH . 2013) Make a counter argument as to why such organisms should not be patentableRead MoreDustin Peacher . Engl 1302.C09. Professor Mccovery. April985 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Support of Genetic Engineering and it s Ethics How far would you go to save human lives and to progress society for those in need? The benefits of genetic engineering have shown to outweigh the ethical and environmental consequences associated within the field. Genetic Engineering has shown to provide major benefits in the field of medicine and agriculture but is faced with extreme criticism and backlash, specifically on the basis of ethics. To understand the modern concept over field ofRead MoreThe Topic Of Gmos On Our Food Supply2197 Words   |  9 Pagesworthy of noting that the movie industry delved into this topic, suggests taking a deeper look into this discussion of seed modification from the standpoint that it lowers immune systems and eludes that the government is help captive by the GMO agricultural industry in its distribution of food products to the world. In the film, the main character tells his toddler son, â€Å"Don’t eat at McDonalds!† implying that fast food products are loaded with harmful GMO products. Public Outcry There is much controversy

The Varying Intensity of the Cold War in Europe Essay

The Varying Intensity of the Cold War in Europe The German surrender on the 7th May 1945 marked the end of the Second World War in Europe and heralded the beginning of a new conflict. This conflict would develop into the Cold War between the two largest countries in the world at the end of the Second World War, the United States of America (USA) and The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR). This essay will examine the Cold War from a European perspective. It is important to examine the Cold War from a European Perspective because within Europe the USAs and the USSRs spheres of influence had a physical border. This physical border was christened the Iron Curtain by the former†¦show more content†¦The reasons behind the change in the USAs foreign policy from isolationist, which it was before the Second World War, to interventionist, which it became, were varied. They were led by a number of different fears. These included the size of the Soviet army the Red Army, which was the largest army on the planet, the fact that Europe was weak and therefore vulnerable to a communist take over and the development of technology particularly of Russian nuclear weapons. The Truman Doctrine led to an increase in intensity between the USA and the USSR as the USSR believed that the USA was attempting to spread capitalism across Europe particularly to the new Eastern Block countries. The USSR believed that governments within Europe should be communist and therefore allied with her against capitalism. The next occurrence, which led to an increase in tension between the USA and the USSR, was the announcement by the Americans of the Marshall Plan. The US Secretary of State George Marshall, in a speech made at Harvard on the 5th June 1947 announced the proposal, which later became the Marshall Plan. Marshall offered American financial aid to any European country that required it as long as the European countries approached the United States personally. The reason for the Marshall Plan was that Europe was in desperate need of repair. There was mass homelessness across Europe andShow MoreRelatedThe World s Security Environment Essay2033 Words   |  9 Pagesthreats, presenting broad national security challenges, which will require employment of the US military as national instrument of power. The US military, as instrument of power, will be used in conflicts ranging from peace to war, varying in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. The ability of the US military to advance its national military objectives is dependent on ways and effectiveness of employing its force. In order to efficiently and successfully fulfill its military objectives, militaryRead More Mending the Transatlantic Rift Essay4789 Words   |  20 Pagesthe international system. Most obviously, the United States’ sense of invulnerability eroded as an acute awareness to the perils of terrorism gripped the American public. In American foreign po licy, the dominant paradigms evolved. Whereas the Cold War notion of the centrality of powerful nation-states had helped order the Bush administration’s outlook before the attacks, the new paradigms explicitly accounted for the importance of non-state actors and rogue regimes as the salient elements of AmericanRead MoreAn Analysis of Art in Europe from 1873 to 19132761 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿An Analysis of Art in Europe (1873-1913) Introduction Art for arts sake was, essentially, the 19th centurys attempt to secure for aesthetics what the medieval age of faith had secured for Christianity: primacy of importance. From 1873 to just before the outbreak of World War I, art began to undergo another shift, expressing at once both a longing for an old world spirit and an appreciation for modern and revolutionary ideas. The century of feeling and realism would culminate, of course,Read MoreDelphi Technique2160 Words   |  9 Pagesresults) and the mean or median scores of the final rounds determine the results.[2] Other versions, such as the Policy Delphi,[3] have been designed for normative and explorative use, particularly in the area of social policy and public health.[4] In Europe, more recent web-based experiments have used the Delphi method as a communication technique for interactive decision-making and e-democracy.[5] Delphi is based on the principle that forecasts (or decisions) from a structured group of individualsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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However, most of the world`s Muslims live as minorities in nations throughout North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South Pacific – and the vast majority are non-Arabs who live out side the Middle East. For example, according to Kathryn M. Coughlin, Indonesia is home to the world`s largest Muslim population – and, in population termsRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5541 Words   |  23 Pagesand political thought. Today, more than 1 billion people call themselves Muslim, and in 52 countries they represent the majority of population. However, most of the world`s Muslims live as minorities in nations throughout North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South Pacific – and the vast majority are non-Arabs who live out side the Middle East. For example, according to Kathryn M. Coughlin, Indonesia is home to the world`s largest Muslim population – and, in population termsRead MoreBass Fishing: A Lifestyle Essay2521 Words   |  11 Pagesstrength. Split bamboo was largely replaced by fiber glass and finally by carbon fiber as rod material. After the 1930s the fixed-spool reel was taken up in Europe and, after World War II, in North America and the rest of the world, creating a boom in spin casting. Nylon monofilament line was developed in the late 1930s and became dominant after World War II, as did braided lines in other synthetic materials. Plastic coverings for fly lines allowed them to float or sink without greasing. Plastic also becameRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : A Threat Of Aphid Populations Essay8320 Words   |  34 Pagesand ecological consequences result in the depletion of the protective ozone layer, global warming observed in the last 150 years, obliteration of an acre of fores t every second, rapid-fire extinction of species and the prospect of a global nuclear war which can threaten the survival of both plants and animals. There may be other such risks we are unaware off at present. Individually and cumulatively, these dangers designate the presence of a trap being set for human species. However principled andRead MoreUnderstanding Religious Identity and the Causes of Religious Violence7269 Words   |  30 PagesYamin â€Å"Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne connaà ®t point. (The heart has its reasons that reason does not know at all.) Les Pensà ©es, (Thoughts) Blaise Pascal, 1665 The Problem Empirical research reveals that â€Å"about two thirds of contemporary wars turn on issues of religious, ethnic, or national identity. Less than 10 percent begin as interstate conflicts.†1 What causes conflict between religious groups and why does the preservation of religious identity lead to violent conflict? The post 9/11

Night World The Chosen Chapter 2 Free Essays

Bating him or doing something with his teeth. Tearing and sucking. Making noises like Pal did when he ate his dog food. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : The Chosen Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a moment Rashel was frozen. The whole world had changed and everything seemed like a dream. Then she heard somebody screaming and her throat hurt and she knew it was her. And then the tall man looked at her. He lifted his head and looked. And she knew that his face alone was going to give her nightmares forever. Not that he was ugly. But he had hair as red as blood and eyes that shone gold, like an animal’s. There was a light in them that was like nothing she had ever seen. She ran then. It was wrong to leave Timmy, but she was too scared to stay. She wasn’t brave; she was a baby, but she couldn’t help it. She was still screaming as she turned around and darted through the flap in the tent. Almost darted through. Her head and shoulders got outside and she saw the red plastic tubes rising above her-and then a hand clamped on the back of her Gymboree shirt. A big strong hand that stopped her in midflight. Rashel was as helpless as a baby kitten against it. But just as she was dragged back into the tent, she saw something. Her mother. Her mother was coming around the corner of the climbing structure. She’d heard Rashel screaming. Her mother’s eyes were big and her mouth was open, and she was moving fast. She was coming to save Rashel. â€Å"Mommeeeeeeeee!† Rashel screamed, and then she was back inside the tent. The man threw her to one side the way a kid at preschool would throw a piece of crumpled paper. Rashel landed hard and felt a pain in her leg that normally would have made her cry. Now she hardly noticed it. She was staring at Timmy, who was lying on the ground near her. Timmy looked strange. His body was like a rag doll’s-arms and legs flopped out. His skin was white. His eyes were staring straight up at the top of the tent. There were two big holes in his throat, with blood all around them. Rashel whimpered. She was too frightened to scream anymore. But just then she saw white daylight, and a figure in front of it. Mommy. Mommy was pulling the tent flap open. Mommy was inside, looking around for Rashel. That was when the worst thing happened. The worst and the strangest, the thing the police never believed when Rashel told them later. Rashel saw her mother’s mouth open, saw her mother looking at her, about to say something. And then she heard a voice-but it wasn’t Mommy’s voice. And it wasn’t an out-loud voice. It was inside her head. Wait! There’s nothing wrong here. But you need to stand very, very still. Rashel looked at the tall man. His mouth wasn’t moving, but the voice was his. Her mother was looking at him, too, and her expression was changing, becoming relaxed and . . . stupid. Mommy was standing very, very still. Then the tall man hit Mommy once on the side of the neck and she fell over and her head flopped the wrong way like a broken doll. Her dark hair was lying in the dirt. Rashel saw that and then everything was even more like a dream. Her mother was dead. Timmy was dead. And the man was looking at her. You’re not upset, came the voice in her head. You ‘re not frightened. You want to come right here. Rashel could feel the pull of the voice. It was drawing her closer and closer. It was making her still and not afraid, making her forget her mother. But then she saw the tall man’s golden eyes and they were hungry. And all of a sudden she remembered what he wanted to do to her. Not me! She jerked away from the voice and dove for the tent flap again. This time she got all the way outside. And she threw herself straight at the gap in the climbing structure. She was thinking in a different way than she had ever thought before. The Rashel that had watched Mommy fall was locked away in a little room inside her, crying. It was a new Rashel who wiggled desperately through the gap in the padded room, a smart Rashel who knew that there was no point in crying because there was nobody who cared anymore. Mommy couldn’t save her, so she had to save herself. She felt a hand grab her ankle, hard enough almost to crush her bones. It yanked, trying to drag her back through the gap. Rashel kicked backward with all her strength and then twisted, and her sock came off and she pulled her leg into the padded room. Come back! You need to come back right now! The voice was like a teacher’s voice. It was hard not to listen. But Rashel was already scrambling into the plastic tube in front of her. She went faster than she ever had before, hurting her knees, propelling herself with her bare foot. When she got to the first fish-bowl window, I though, she saw a face looking in at her. It was the tall man. He was staring at her. He I banged on the plastic as she went by. Fear cracked in Rashel like a belt. She scrambled I faster, and the knocks on the tube followed her. He was underneath her now. Keeping up with I her. Rashel passed another window and looked down. She could see his hair shining in the sunlight. She could see his pale face looking up at her. And his eyes. Come down, came the voice and it wasn’t stem anymore. It was sweet. Come down and we’ll go get some ice cream. What kind of ice cream do you like best? Rashel knew then that this was how he’d gotten Timmy into the tent. She didn’t even pause in her scrambling. But she couldn’t get away from him. He was traveling with her, just under her, waiting for her to come out or get to a place where he could reach in and grab her. Higher. I need to get higher, she thought. She moved instinctively, as if some sixth sense was telling her which way to turn each time she had a choice. She went through angled tubes, straight tubes, tubes that weren’t solid at all, but made of woven canvas strips. And finally she got to a place where she couldn’t go any higher. It was a square room with a padded floor and netting sides. She was at the front of the climbing structure; she could see mothers and fathers standing and sitting in little groups. She could feel the wind. Below her, looking up, was the tall man. Chocolate brownie? Mint chip? Bubble gum? The voice was putting pictures in her mind. Tastes. Rashel looked around frantically. There was so much noise-every kid in the climbing structure was yelling. Who would even notice her if she shouted? They’d think she was joking around. All you have to do is come down. You know you have to come down sometime. Rashel looked into the pale face turned up to her. The eyes were like dark holes. Hungry. Patient. Certain. He knew he was going to get her. He was going to win. She had no way to fight him. And then something tore inside Rashel and she did the only thing a five-year-old could do against an adult. She shoved her hand between the rough cords that made the netting, scraping off skin. She pushed her whole small arm through and she pointed down at the tall man. And she screamed in a way she’d never screamed before. Piercing shrieks that cut through the happy noise of the other kids. She screamed the way Ms. Bruce at preschool had taught her to do if any stranger ever bothered her. â€Å"Help meeee! Help meeee! That man tried to touch me I† She kept screaming it, kept pointing. And she saw people look at her. But they didn’t do anything. They just stared. Lots of faces, looking up at her. Nobody moving. In a way, it was even worse than anything that had happened before. They could hear her, but nobody was going to help her. And then she saw somebody moving. It was a big boy, not quite a grown-up man. He was wearing a uniform like the one Rashel’s father used to wear before he died. That meant he was a Marine. He was going toward the tall man, and his face was dark and angry. And now, as if they had only needed this example, other people were moving, too. Several men who looked like fathers. A woman with a cellular phone. The tall man turned and ran. He ducked under the climbing structure, heading toward the back, toward the tent where Rashel’s mother was. He moved very fast, much faster than any of the people in the crowd. But he sent words to Rashel’s mind before he disappeared completely. See you later. When he was definitely gone, Rashel slumped against the netting, feeling the rough cord bite into her cheek. People down below were calling to her; kids just behind her were whispering. None of it really mattered. She could cry now; it would be okay, but she didn’t seem to have any tears. The police were no good. There were two officers, a man and a woman. The woman believed Rashel a little. But every time her eyes would start to believe, she’d shake her head and say, â€Å"But what was the man really doing to Timmy? Baby-doll, sweetie, I know it’s awful, but just try to remember.† The man didn’t believe even a little. Rashel would have traded them both for the Marine back at the carnival. All they’d found in the tent was her mother with a broken neck. No Timmy. Rashel wasn’t sure but she thought the man had probably taken him. She didn’t want to think about why. Eventually the police drove her to her Aunt Corinne’s, who was the only family she had left now. Aunt Corinne was old and her bony hands hurt Rashel’s arms when she clutched her and cried. She put Rashel in a bedroom full of strange smells and tried to give her medicine to make her sleep. It was like cough syrup, but it made her tongue numb. Rashel waited until Aunt Corinne was gone, then she spat it into her hand and wiped her hand on the sheets, way down at the foot of the bed where the blankets tucked in. And then she put her arms around her hunched-up knees and sat staring into the darkness. She was too little, too helpless. That was the problem. She wasn’t going to be able to do anything against him when he came back. Because of course he was coming back. She knew what the man was, even if the adults didn’t believe her. He was a vampire, just like on TV. A monster that drank blood. And he knew she knew. That was why he’d promised to see her later. At last, when Aunt Corinne’s house was quiet, Rashel tiptoed to the closet and slid it open. She climbed the shoe rack and squirmed and kicked until she was on the top shelf above the clothes. It was narrow, but wide enough for her. That was one good thing about being little. She had to use every advantage she had. With her toe, she slid the closet door back shut. Then she piled sweaters and other folded things from the shelf on top of herself, covering even her head. And finally she curled up on the hard bare wood and shut her eyes. Sometime in the night she smelled smoke. She got down from the shelf-falling more than climbing-and saw flames in her bedroom. She never knew exactly how she managed to run through them and get out of the house. The whole night was like one long blurred nightmare. Because Aunt Corinne didn’t get out. When the fire trucks came with their sirens and their flashing lights, it was already too late. And even though Rashel knew that he had set the fire-the vampire-the police didn’t believe her. They didn’t understand why he had to kill her. In the morning they took her to a foster home, which would be the first of many. The people there were nice, but Rashel wouldn’t let them hold her or comfort her. She already knew what she had to do. If she was going to survive, she had to make herself hard and strong. She couldn’t care about anybody else, or trust anybody, or rely on anybody. Nobody could protect her. Not even Mommy had been able to do that. She had to protect herself. She had to learn to fight. How to cite Night World : The Chosen Chapter 2, Essay examples

Gender Roles Biologically Based Socially Constructed

Question: Discuss about the Gender Roles Biologically Based Socially Constructed. Answer: Introduction: The writing of this journal is inspired by the disparities in the performance in mathematics tests by men and women. Guiso, et al. both in the teaching profession observed that men tend to perform better in mathematics as compared to their female counterparts. However, to increase the mean score in mathematics in class, both boys and girls have to perform well in the subject. It is in this regard that Guiso, et al. wrote this article in an attempt to change the cultural beliefs and stereotypes that cause disparities in the performance in mathematics between the two genders. In the article, it is argued that the poor performance in maths has nothing to do with biology but rather has everything to do with culture which socializes the girl child to believe that maths is meant for men. The article however concurs with the topic of discussion that gender is biologically based. Nonetheless, the article maintains that gender roles such as performance in mathematics is an issue culture which if emphasized will see the girl child perform well in the subject. By not mentioning that the boy child should also be sensitized by the society to love and perform in maths, the author agrees by the topic of argument that men are born destined for hard tasks such as maths. Hence, this article is relevant to the topic, Gender roles are biologically based. This journal discusses how participation in sports events is affected by gender stereotypes. These two researchers, Hardin and Greer in an attempt to sensitize the society to increase the number of women involvement in sports activities conducted various researches to determine the main reasons why there was not as much the number of women involved in sports such as weight lifting as men. According to this journal, stereotyping as well as cultural constraints were the main reasons behind the disparities in the number of men and women involvement in sports such as weight lifting. In the journal, the authors argue against the assertion that gender roles are biologically based. The argument in the journal intents to ward off the belief as postulated by scientists that women are meant for light duties and that heavy tasks such as weight lifting should be a preserve of the men. The journal maintains that society should encourage women participation in sports through initiatives such as passing legislations that allow and encourage women participation in sports. The argument in this journal is relevant to the topic of discussion since by arguing that women should be encouraged and socialised to like and participate in sports concurs that men are born liking heavy duties such as weight lifting and unlike their female counterparts, they do not need to be sensitized and socialized since the traits of carrying out heavy duties is inherent. Men are naturally destined to carry out heavy tasks. In their research to determine the roles of men in the society, Levant and Richmond studied various field such as the military and the fishing sector. In both the roles, they discovered that the number of men involved outnumbered that of their female counterparts. The journal argues that men are destined for hard tasks just as the ones pointed out in the literature reviews such as fishing and the military. Such tasks require use of high levels of energy. As a result, men are employed in this sector since they are biologically destined to perform heavy tasks hence the journal is relevant to the topic of discussion. Nightingale an environmentalist, in his research studies how gender affects the roles performed by men and women as when as how the same affects the environment under which men and women work. In his argument, Nightingale accepts and appreciates the existence of gender as a biologically based trait. He also accepts that the operations of men and women in the environment are determined by their gender and therefore, the roles performed by the different genders in ensuring the safety of the environment vary. However, he appreciates the role performed by society in shaping the choice by men and women to engage in activities meant to preserve the environment. To him, society should teach men and women to take up their roles as biologically based to ensure that they engage in activities that will preserve the environment. For instance, he insists that women should be on the front line in cleaning the environment as a way of caring for the environment. This article is therefore relevant to the discussion that; Gender roles are biologically based and not socially construed. ONeil in his research to determine the various conflicts in the definition of gender and gender roles reviewed 232 empirical studies by various researchers in the area of gender and gender roles. This article discusses the concept of gender roles by first introducing the past conflicts in definitions in this area that has gone on for over the past 25 years. Through the article, various definitions and explanations are given by various scholars with some arguing for the assertion that gender roles are biologically based while others arguing against this assertion. For instance, the article presents the arguments of Sigmund Freud who asserts that gender roles are biologically determined. Similarly, the arguments of scholars who maintain that gender roles are socially construed are presented in the article by ONeil. At the end of reviewing the articles, ONeil maintains that gender roles are both gender based as well as socially construed. He argues that society cannot determine the gender of an individual. However, the same society through its agents of socialization shapes the roles that an individual performs. The article is relevant to the topic of discussion since through its various literature reviews provides definitions and experiments conducted by various scholars to assert that gender roles are biologically based. Gender roles refer to the norms that shape the behaviour of an individual and make the individual to act in ways that are regarded to be acceptable within the society. Gender roles as a term was first used in 1955 by a scholar, John Money while conducting his studies among individuals who were considered intersex in an attempt to offer a description of the behaviour among people that made them to be viewed as either male or female. Since this time henceforth, there have been widespread debates on whether gender roles are biologically determined or socially construed (Guiso, et al. 2008, pp.1164). Post 1950s studies by various scholars widely concluded that gender roles are biologically determined. For instance, in 1924, Sigmund Freud, a scholar while at Vienna wrote that the Anatomy of an individual is his/her destiny. In an attempt to argue for and against this debate, various definitions have been offered for the term gender that separates it from the term sex which is a biological factor. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) define gender as a set of behaviours, roles, activities as well as attributes that are socially construed and which are widely viewed as be ideal modes of behaviour among the males and females of that particular society. From this definition of gender by the World Health Organization, it is clear that differentiation in the gender of individuals is based on various characteristics that make men distinct from women in terms of both the social as well as the sexual factors (Gupta, et al. 2009, pp.397-417). This assertion takes us back to the 1924 dictum of Sigmund Freud that the anatomy of an individual is their destiny and hence the argument that gender roles are biologically determined as opposed to the other side of the argument that gender roles are socially construed. Science through its studies makes it clear that from the time of inception, men and women and distinct and different beings. In his argument in support of the point that men are different from their women counterparts, Amram Scheinfeld (1965), in his book titled, Heredity and Environment, argues that the distinction of men from women is constrained in the total number of chromosomes contained by men and women. These chromes according to Scheinfed are responsible for the transfer of inherited traits from the parent of an individual into the individual. According to him, human beings; both men and women possess 23 pairs of chromosomes within each of their body cell. Out of this total number of chromosomes, 22 are similar in both men and women while the 23rd chromosome is different. In women, the 23rd chromosome is a pair of the X chromosome while in men, the 23rd chromosome consist of the X and Y chromosome. It is argued that the female and the male differences in their biological set up is determined by the twenty third pair of the chromosome (Hardin Greer, 2009, pp.207). It is through the biological differences that the hormones as well as the brain make up of a human being; both male and female is able to determine the difference in the behaviours of men from women. In an experiment carried out at the University of Kansas by William Young and Robert Goy (1959), in an attempt to answer the assertion that the manner in which men and women act is shaped by their hormones, genes, their brain as well as the function of their brain, used pigs as the specimen. Young and Goy injected pregnant pigs with large amounts of testosterone hormone. It was observed that on the 90th day, the pregnant pigs changed their female like behaviour and began behaving as male pigs, dominating the other pigs as well as climbing the other female pigs. Researches conducted to determine the behaviour of men and men observe that the behaviour of both men and women is shaped by their hormones in two different ways. First, that before an individual is born, the hormones in their body form codes in the brains of the individual. Second, that immediately the individual is born onto the world, the hormones in their body activate the codes and makes them alive (Levant Richmond, 2008, pp.130-146). These codes which shape the anatomy of the human body are responsible for the differences in the feelings among men and women. For instance, due to their biology, women become mothers leading to the generation of the feeling motherhood among the women species. As a result, women are seen to meet the responsibilities of motherhood towards their offspring even in situations where nobody expects them to do so. For instance, the codes in the brain of the woman are activated by hormones to make the women to produce milk to feed her baby hence the woman however young does not need to be taught by society to produce milk for her offspring (Malach-Pines Kaspi-Baruch, 2008, pp.306-319). The same codes influence the responsibilities that the female species plays to ensure that her offspring is fine and able to survive. As a result of the roles the woman has to perform towards her baby to ensure that the delicate being survives and grows, women end up being characterised by traits such as delicacy, compassion, innocence, sensitivity, as well as care for other individuals. This is the reason why women are generally inclined to performing the roles they do at home that are meant to provide care, nurse and ensure that the family is in good shape (Meier-Pesti Penz, 2008, pp.180-196). For instance, women in the family will be seen performing kitchen duties such as cooking for the family as a way to ensure care and compassion to the family members, they will be seen maintaining the cleanliness of the home and the environment since they are naturally sensitive to what goes on around them. At the same time, the codes in men are activated by hormones at various stages of thei r lives to bringing changes in their anatomy. The male species grow up to become masculine and strong; features which makes them generally aggressive and want to dominate and subdue. As a result, they end up showing behaviours that are characterized by aggressiveness, intelligence, hard work, independence as well as strength (Nightingale, 2006, pp.165-185). For these reasons, men will always be seen performing hard duties within the home such as cutting grass and lifting loads as their female counterparts engage in duties geared towards the provision of family care. In an attempt to demonstrate the general roles gender roles played within the family by men and women, as experiment was conducted in the Dominican Republic. In the experiment, 38 men who had a genetic disorder were made to begin their lives as girls. They were kept indoors by their families and exposed to playing materials such as dolls that are used by girls. They were also taught the roles played by women in the family such as cleaning, washing among other roles m eant for women in the family. While they were doing all these roles, the other boys were engaged in the normal boy routine, running around, shouting and playing harsh games. At the age of 11, changes started occurring on the bodies of both the girls and the boys. For instance, it was observed that contrary to other girls, the breasts of the 38 boys did not enlarge despite them being exposed to the roles played by girls and not being allowed to mingle with their fellow boys. Instead, they developed male masculine features. For instance, it was observed that their testicles descended while at the same time their voices became thicker. Moreover, the boys began exhibiting sexual desires towards their female counterparts. From this experiment it is quite clear that gender roles are biologically determined. Despite the upbringing of the boys as girls and being exposed to roles played by girls in the society, the genes of the boys revealed the identity of the boys in due course and as a result they ended up being identified as men and not women as previously had been thought (ONeil, 2013, pp.5). This experiment clearly proves the point that enculturation and th e manner of raising a child does not determine their gender roles in the future and at the same time does not stop or change the biology of that particular child. In an attempt to bring out a deeper understanding of the biological factors that create an individuals gender as well as the gender roles played by the individual, scientists have studied the brain and the functions performed by the brain to bring out the distinction between women and men as well as the differences in the gender roles performed by them. In an article entitles, Male and Female: Differences Between Them, Adams, a researcher, observed that an experiment conducted among twelve weeks old girls observed that they could gaze for a longer period of time at photographers in their faces than they could gaze at geometric figures exposed to them. On the other hand, their male counterparts were observed to pay more attention to geometrical figures as opposed to the faces of photographers. At twelve weeks, the children are yet to be exposed to the socializations and teachings of the society yet they showcase traits that are showcased by elders of similar genders. These traits must therefore be as a result of another factor rather than enculturation. The traits showcased by the twelve week year olds must be shaped by their biological orientation. The traits portrayed by the infants are the same traits evident in the lives of men and women at an advanced age. For instance, men tend to be more interested and good at mathematics, engineering among other courses that are characterized by figures and which require deep reasoning. On the other hand, their female counterparts are always good at nurturing and social interactions. No wonder professions such as engineering are dominated by men while professions inclined towards social interactions such as law and journalism are dominated by women in todays world (Raley Bianchi, 2006, pp.401-421). As much as various campaigns have been conducted to make the world believe that biologically determined gender roles are stereotypes meant to undermine members of a given gender, experiments conducted prove that gender roles are biologically determined. For instance, an experiment conducted by Camilla Benbow and her counterpart Julian Stanley to prove whether it is true that boys love mathema tics whereas girls love courses to do with social interactions, it was proved that this is the case. Hence, the structure of the human brain as well as the manner in which it functions differentiates males from their female counterparts as well as the gender roles performed by each gender. In conclusion, the biology of an individual, their genes, hormones, brain as well as the manner in which the brain of individuals function influences to a great extent the gender of the individual as well as determines the sex of the individual hence shapes the gender roles performed by individual within the social set up. What appear as socially construed traits among individuals is simply an improvement and a perfection on the biologically determined traits and roles. Though cultural interaction plays a role in shaping the gender roles played by individuals within their social set up, they do not determine the roles to be played by the individual. Enculturation simply acts as a catalyst to the already determined gender roles performed by the individual within the society. But even in cases where gender roles as determined by the individuals biology have been changed due to their cultural interactions, the outcome and the results of the role is not as perfect as when the role was performed as biologically set out within the individuals (ONeil, 2008, pp.358-445). For instance, though women have in the recent past assumed roles meant for their male counterparts such as military while the men have assumed roles meant for women such as cleaning, the end result is not as perfect as when the role was performed as determined by an individuals biological set up. For instance, women involved in the military do not go on the front line to fight with zeal and courage as their male counterparts. Most of these women though in the military are confined to performing caretaker roles as well as communication duties as their male counterparts g o out to the field to fight the enemy. And even when they went to the field, the male counter parts are seen acting the protector role towards the women, warding off any attack on the women and putting their lives on the wire to ensure that the woman is not endangered and is safe to go home. On the other hand, it is common to see the woman put down the gun to perform caretaker role towards their male counterparts; dressing their wounds and preparing a meal for the man. Hence, gender roles are biologically based and not socially constructed. However, it is essential that as they perform their biologically construed roles, human beings; both male and female in equal measure are respected and supported in the choices they make regardless of the sexual orientation. Bibliography Guiso, L., Monte, F., Sapienza, P. and Zingales, L., 2008. Culture, gender, and math. SCIENCE-NEW YORK THEN WASHINGTON-, 320(5880), p.1164. Gupta, V.K., Turban, D.B., Wasti, S.A. and Sikdar, A., 2009. 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